During the Northern and Southern dynasties of Vietnam period, beginning in 1528, coins were reduced from 24 millimetres (0.94 in) to 23 millimetres (0.91 in) in diameter and diluted with zinc and iron. From the reign of Emperor Lê Lợi, 1 tiền was decreed to be 50 đồng. From the reign of Emperor Trần Thái Tông onward, 1 tiền was 69 đồng in ordinary commercial transactions but 1 tiền was 70 đồng for official transactions. One quan was 10 tiền, and one tiền was between 50 and 100 đồng, depending on the time period. Traditionally, the basic units of Vietnamese currency were quan ( 貫, quán), tiền, and đồng. Main articles: Vietnamese văn (currency unit), Tiền, Vietnamese mạch, and String of cash coins (currency unit) In the late 19th century Điêm slang spoken by the lower-class people of Saigon the term tể was used to refer to cash coins this term was an abbreviation of Tiền ( 錢). The French adopted the term sapèque in Macau and initially used it to refer to Chinese cash coins but later also applied the term for Vietnamese cash coins. The origin of the term might have come from the fact that cash coins were typically strung together in strings of around a hundred pieces. The French term for cash coins, sapèque, comes from the Malay terms sa pek or sa pe meaning 'one pe(k)' ( pek, or pie, being a kind of currency), which in turn come from the Chinese word peku/ pak ( 百, Vietnamese reading: bách) meaning 'one-hundred'. The inscriptions of Vietnamese cash coins can be written in either the Viết chéo (曰湥 / 曰袑, top-bottom-right-left) style or the Viết thuận (曰順, clockwise, top-right-bottom-left) style. As these cash coins tended to be very fragile, they would decompose faster if buried, which caused the Vietnamese people to stop burying their coins. The Vietnamese government began issuing coins made from an alloy of zinc, lead, and tin. Almost all coins issued by government mints tended to be buried mere months after they had entered circulation. Coins made from metals of lower intrinsic value were introduced because of various superstitions involving Vietnamese people burying cash coins, as the problem of people burying cash coins became too much for the government. Though the majority of Vietnamese cash coins throughout history were copper coins, lead, iron (from 1528) and zinc (from 1740) coins also circulated alongside them often at fluctuating rates (with 1 copper cash being worth 10 zinc cash in 1882). The same type of currency circulated in China, Japan, Korea, and Ryūkyū for centuries. The cash ( chữ Hán: 文 錢 văn tiền chữ Nôm: 銅 錢 đồng tiền French: sapèque), also called the sapek or sapèque, is a cast round coin with a square hole that was an official currency of Vietnam from the Đinh dynasty in 970 until the Nguyễn dynasty in 1945, and remained in circulation in North Vietnam until 1948. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code.
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